Recursive cubes of rings as models for interconnection networks

We study recursive cubes of rings as models for interconnection networks. We first redefine each of them as a Cayley graph on the semidirect product of an elementary abelian group by a cyclic group in order to facilitate the study of them by using algebraic tools. We give an algorithm for computing shortest paths and the distance between any two vertices in recursive cubes of rings, and obtain the exact value of their diameters. We obtain sharp bounds on the Wiener index, vertex-forwarding index, edge-forwarding index and bisection width of recursive cubes of rings. The cube-connected cycles and cube-of-rings are special recursive cubes of rings, and hence all results obtained in the paper apply to these well-known networks

Forwarding and optical indices of 4-regular circulant networks

An all-to-all routing in a graph $G$ is a set of oriented paths of $G$, with exactly one path for each ordered pair of vertices. The load of an edge under an all-to-all routing $R$ is the number of times it is used (in either direction) by paths of $R$, and the maximum load of an edge is denoted by $\pi(G,R)$. The edge-forwarding index $\pi(G)$ is the minimum of $\pi(G,R)$ over all possible all-to-all routings $R$, and the arc-forwarding index $\overrightarrow{\pi}(G)$ is defined similarly by taking direction into consideration, where an arc is an ordered pair of adjacent vertices. Denote by $w(G,R)$ the minimum number of colours required to colour the paths of $R$ such that any two paths having an edge in common receive distinct colours. The optical index $w(G)$ is defined to be the minimum of $w(G,R)$ over all possible $R$, and the directed optical index $\overrightarrow{w}(G)$ is defined similarly by requiring that any two paths having an arc in common receive distinct colours. In this paper we obtain lower and upper bounds on these four invariants for $4$-regular circulant graphs with connection set $\{\pm 1,\pm s\}$, $1<s<n/2$. We give approximation algorithms with performance ratio a small constant for the corresponding forwarding index and routing and wavelength assignment problems for some families of $4$-regular circulant graphs.Comment: 19 pages, no figure in Journal of Discrete Algorithms 201

Performance evaluation of hierarchical clustering protocols with fuzzy C-means

The longevity of the network and the lack of resources are the main problems within the WSN. Minimizing energy dissipation and optimizing the lifespan of the WSN network are real challenges in the design of WSN routing protocols. Load balanced clustering increases the reliability of the system and enhances coordination between different nodes within the network. WSN is one of the main technologies dedicated to the detection, sensing, and monitoring of physical phenomena of the environment. For illustration, detection, and measurement of vibration, pressure, temperature, and sound. The WSN can be integrated into many domains, like street parking systems, smart roads, and industrial. This paper examines the efficiency of our two proposed clustering algorithms: Fuzzy C-means based hierarchical routing approach for homogeneous WSN (F-LEACH) and fuzzy distributed energy efficient clustering algorithm (F-DEEC) through a detailed comparison of WSN performance parameters such as the instability and stability duration, lifetime of the network, number of cluster heads per round and the number of alive nodes. The fuzzy C-means based on hierarchical routing approach is based on fuzzy C-means and low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. The fuzzy distributed energy efficient clustering algorithm is based on fuzzy C-means and design of a distributed energy efficient clustering (DEEC) protocol. The technical capability of each protocol is measured according to the studied parameters

Optimization of medium for the production of β-cyclodextrin glucanotransferase using Central Composite Design (CCD)

Production of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) from Bacillus G 1, a new bacterial isolate was optimized in shake-flask cultures using statistical design approach. An efficient fermentation medium producing CGTase with high activity (54.9U/ml) was determined: A 2(5) Central Composite Design (CCD; half fraction) has been chosen to elucidate the combined effect of five process variables; tapioca starch, peptone, yeast extract, magnesium sulphate and potassium phosphate concentration. Concentrations of 4% tapioca starch, 2% peptone, 0.04% magnesium sulphate and 1 % sodium carbonate have been shown to be optimum for the production of CGTase

Rumah tradisi Temiar dan hubungannya yang simbiosis dengan persekitaran

Makalah ini akan membincangkan sejauhmana adaptasi dan persekitaran alam memberi pengaruh terhadap ciri sosiobudaya dan corak penempatan sesuatu masyarakat. Perbincangan adalah berdasarkan kepada kajian etnografi yang telah dijalankan di beberapa tapak penempatan masyarakat Orang Asli suku Temiar di Hulu Kelantan, Hulu Kinta dan Sungai Siput, Perak (Rajah 1). Masyarakat Temiar di kawasan kajian beradaptasi dengan persekitaran hutan dan tanah tinggi dengan ketinggian maksima sehingga 4306 meter dari paras laut. Corak persekitaran sebegini menawarkan tanah yang subur dan kaya dengan kepelbagaian flora dan fauna selain berkait rapat dengan kepercayaan nenek moyang mereka. Hasil kajian ini mendapati bahawa corak adaptasi di persekitaran hutan hujan tropika memiliki hubungan yang simbiotik dengan corak rumah tradisional mereka. Selain itu akan turut dibincangkan fungsi ruang dalam rekabentuk rumah mereka. Kajian juga mendapati bahawa masyarakat ini sedang berdepan dengan cabaran untuk melestarikan rumah tradisional apabila berlakunya perubahan dalam persekitaran. Pada masa ini, secara perlahan-lahan telah berlaku perubahan dalam corak penempatan, namun sebahagian mereka terutama di pendalaman masih mengekalkan rumah tradisional tersebut

Electronic records management in schools: the case study of School Examination Analysis System

Many initiatives have been taken to improve the efficiency of teaching and learning (T&L), administration, and management in schools using various ICT systems. Despite continuous training and exposure to undertake T&L activities and management, comprehensive practices on the principles of electronic records and information management (ERIM) at schools still faced many challenges. This paper presents a proposed framework for ERIM implementation using ICT-based systems in schools incorporating ERIM elements, including ICT skills for teachers, improved ERIM knowledge among teachers, enforcement of policies, acts and guidelines, and continuous training. The paper also discusses a case study finding regarding an ERIM implementation, problems in a School Examination Analysis System (SEAS), ICT skills, knowledge and skills of teachers. This study applies a quantitative approach using a survey technique for data collection. A total of 350 questionnaires were distributed to five Malaysian primary public schools and the response rates are 62.85 percent (220 forms). The study found that almost all teachers have good ICT skills but the knowledge and skills of teachers in ERIM were at a moderate level. Most teachers were unaware of acts, policies and guidelines related to ERIM. This study is expected to assist the Ministry of Education in drafting guidelines for the implementation of ICT based system in schools to enhance the efficacy of T&L, administration and management according to ERIM principles